FANE-FANE INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL
type: channel
description: Fane-Fane International Multi-Disciplinary Journal is a peer-reviewed biannual Journal of Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State with interest in a wide range of disciplines, such as Humanities, Social sciences, Sciences, Engineering and Technology. It publishes recent findings on research conducted by researchers in various fields. The Journal's first and second editions were published in January, 2015 and November, 2016 respectively.
publisher: MAI IDRIS ALOOMA POLYTECHNIC GEIDAM
language: en-US
publication name: FANE-FANE INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL
copyright: 1. Introduction 1.1 This agreement outlines the terms and conditions governing the submission, review, publication, and use of manuscripts to the Fane-Fane International Multidisciplinary Journal. 2. Submission of Manuscripts 2.1 Authors are responsible for ensuring the originality and accuracy of their submitted manuscripts. 2.2 Simultaneous submissions to other journals are prohibited. 2.3 Authors retain copyright to their work, but grant the journal a non-exclusive license to publish and distribute the manuscript. 3. Review Process 3.1 Submitted manuscripts will undergo a rigorous peer-review process. 3.2 The editorial board reserves the right to accept, reject, or request revisions to submitted manuscripts. 3.3 The review process may take several weeks or months. 4. Publication and Copyright 4.1 Upon acceptance, authors grant the journal a non-exclusive license to publish the manuscript in print and electronic formats. 4.2 Authors retain copyright to their work, but grant the journal the right to reproduce, distribute, and display the manuscript. 4.3 Authors are responsible for obtaining necessary permissions for the use of copyrighted material in their manuscripts. 5. Author Responsibilities 5.1 Authors are responsible for the accuracy of the information provided in their manuscripts. 5.2 Authors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest. 5.3 Authors must adhere to ethical guidelines for scientific research and publication, including those outlined by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). 6. Journal Policies 6.1 The journal reserves the right to make editorial changes to manuscripts. 6.2 The journal may charge authors for publication fees or article processing charges. 6.3 The journal may impose embargo periods on the publication of articles. 6.4 The journal may require authors to share research data, subject to appropriate terms and conditions. 7. Open Access Policy 7.1 The Fane-Fane International Multidisciplinary Journal is an open-access journ…
items: Training and Job Performance of Non-Academic Staff in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria
items: An Adequacy AND DESIGN UTILISATION of disabled facilities in North Eastern polytechnic building's of Nigeria
items: Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Combined Expert System and Deep Learning Methods
items: Integration of Distributed Energy Resource in Distribution System Using Dragon Fly Algorithm
items: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF MEDIA AS A VERITABLE INSTRUMENT FOR COMBATING FAKE NEWS ON COVID-19 (GLOBAL HEALTH CRISIS) IN NORTHEAST NIGERIA
items: Challenges and Prospects of Newspaper Coverage of Human Rights Issues in Nigeria
items: GEOSPATIAL-TECHNIQUES-IN-NIGERIAS-OIL-AND-GAS-SECTOR-APPLICATIONS-AND-IMPACTS
items: Prevalence Of Ectoparasite Infestation In Domestic Chickens Gallus Domesticus (A Case Study Of Damaturu Main Market)
items: EXPOSURE TO SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENTS ON GYMING AND YOUTHS PERCEPTION OF FITNESS CULTURE IN JALINGO
items: Analyzing Tree Species Composition, Diversity and Carbon Storage in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
items: EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT IN CREATING AWARENESS ABOUT HEPATITS AMONG JALINGO RESIDENTS, TARABA STATE
items: THE USE OF HUMOR APPEAL IN GLO OGA SIM ADVERTISING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON BRAND PERCEPTION
items: EMOJI USE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF EMOTIONAL MEANING AMONG GENERATION Z (GEN Z) STUDENTS AT TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY (TSU)
items: KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF AI RESEARCH ASSISTANTS AMONG POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY JALINGO
items: Breaking the silence: The role of social media in supporting survivors gender based violence in Nigeria
items: Survey of Some Important Insect Pest of Mango
items: The Perceived Influence of social media on Raising Climate Change Awareness and Action Among Youth in Jalingo
items: THE SPIRAL OF SILENCE IN A DIGITAL AGE: INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS AMONG YOUTH IN WUKARI TARABA STATE
items: The Influence of Cultural Diversity on Citizenship Education in Nigeria
items: ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES OF FEMALE POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY TOWARD WEIGHT-LOSS DRUG ADVERTISEMENTS ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A SENSE-MAKING THEORY APPROACH
items: The Sociolinguistic Influence of Dialects and Accents on Social Perceptions and Opportunities
items: Design and Implementation of a Formal Computational Ontology Model for Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge Management
items: Evaluating the Role of Departmental Leadership in Timely Disciplinary Action within Nigerian Polytechnic Governance
items: Influence of Vocational and Social Rehabilitation Services On Behaviour Modification of Inmates of Correctional Centre Gusau, Zamfara State
items: Promoting HIV Awareness and Treatment Adherence through Strategic Communication
items: The Impact of Economic and Climate Change Factors on Flooding in Borno State, Nigeria: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses
items: Ethnic prejudice in online media commentary about National issues in Nigeria
items: Digital Intimacy And Satisfaction in The Use of Cycle Tracker App Amongst Married Women in Jalingo
items: Reinforced Concrete Pole as Structural Support and Fault Minimization in Radial Electrical Distribution System in Yobe State
items: Effect of The Use of Honorifics Among Hausa-English Bilinguals in North and Western Senatorial Zones in Zamfara State

Training and Job Performance of Non-Academic Staff in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria
type: item
description: Training remains a central mechanism for enhancing employee competence and organisational effectiveness, particularly in public-sector institutions, where performance deficits are often linked to skill gaps and limited capacity for capacity development. This study examined the effect of training on the job performance of non-academic staff in selected tertiary institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria, namely Taraba State University, Jalingo, College of Education, Zing, and Federal Polytechnic, Bali. Anchored on Human Capital Theory and Kirkpatrick’s Training Evaluation Theory, the study adopted a quantitative research design to analyse how different training dimensions influence staff performance. Five training variables were examined: orientation training, on-the-job training, refresher training, job rotation training, and internship training. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to non-academic staff across the selected institutions, while descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that orientation training, on-the-job training, refresher training, and internship training exerted statistically significant positive effects on job performance, with refresher training emerging as the strongest predictor. Job rotation training, however, did not show a significant effect on performance. The study concludes that training effectiveness in tertiary institutions is contingent on relevance, structure, and continuity rather than mere participation. It recommends sustained investment in refresher and on-the-job training programmes, improved internship structures, and the redesign of job rotation schemes to enhance the performance and productivity of non-academic staff in Nigerian tertiary institutions.
creator: Nuhu Nuhu Dangana
creator: Cletus M. Oyidi
creator: Amos Jev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2026-04-15
publication date: 2026-04-15
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 345
ending page: 359

An Adequacy AND DESIGN UTILISATION of disabled facilities in North Eastern polytechnic building's of Nigeria
type: item
description: Abstract The aim of this exploratory research is to examine the extent to which the Persons with Disability facilities have been incorporated in the designs and construction of polytechnic buildings in Nigeria. To achieve the study's objectives, a comprehensive literature search, interviews, personal observation and a survey was carried out in the north eastern polytechnics of Nigeria. The researcher observed that buildings constructed in some of the polytechnic campuses are totally disability-friendly. It is observed that facilities such as main entrances to auditorium/lecture hall, hostels, ramps, and staircases were not readily accessible to Persons with Disabilities. Fittings, such as directional signs, underfoot warnings, Braille texts, seats and space for wheelchairs users is inadequate or virtually absent in some of the buildings. The study quest for the polytechnic's authorities, funders and those in charge of design and construction of buildings for polytechnics and the law enforcement agencies to designed and construct polytechnic structures to be disability friendly in order to accommodate disabled persons. Key words: Adequacy, Disabled facilities, Design and Buildings.
creator: Christopher Wawe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 300
ending page: 308

Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Combined Expert System and Deep Learning Methods
type: item
description: Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) encompasses several conditions such as chest pain, heart attack, and cardiac arrest. It is a major form of cardiovascular disease and a leading cause of death. CHD has become increasingly common and occurs when plaque builds up along the inner walls of the heart’s arteries, restricting normal blood flow. This study presents a web-based expert system designed to estimate an individual’s likelihood of developing CHD based on key risk factors such as cholesterol level, diabetes status, and smoking habits. The system integrates two artificial intelligence techniques: a rule-based expert system and a deep learning model. The rule-based component is implemented using CLIPS, while the deep learning model is developed using the TensorFlow framework to train and evaluate the dataset. The primary objective of this project is to assess the risk of heart disease early, enabling individuals to take preventive measures before serious complications occur.
creator: Taofeek Abiona
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-24
publication date: 2025-12-24
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 285
ending page: 293

Integration of Distributed Energy Resource in Distribution System Using Dragon Fly Algorithm
type: item
description: To fulfil the load requirement and enhance the system performance, it is imperative to use renewable distributed generators optimally in the DS. In the present scenario minimization of power loss is a prominent research issue. Different researchers solved power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement problem in DS. Exact location and size determination of DERs are two crucial factors for identifying the exact location and capacities in two crucial factors affecting the DS performance. This research aims to reduce the power loss in the DS and facilitates an improvement in voltage profile of the system. First, the vulnerable nodes for placement of RDGs are identified by LSF method. Next, the sizes of DERs at determined places are found using optimisation techniques. Various constraints of the DS are included to solve the problem. Various cases are considered to analyse the performance. Further, most of the literature authors considered allocation of these sources independently. In this paper an integrated approach is proposed to solve DG and SC allocation problem mutually. Finally, the potency of the developed method is tested on 83 IEEE buses and also real test system (83 bus Taiwan systems) is considered. The obtained shows its dominance of the developed methodology in terms of better loss reduction and voltage profile improvement.
creator: Hassan Adamu Daya
creator: Ali Yerima
creator: Usman Karfa Bizi
creator: Mohammed Adamu Yusuf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 309
ending page: 319

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF MEDIA AS A VERITABLE INSTRUMENT FOR COMBATING FAKE NEWS ON COVID-19 (GLOBAL HEALTH CRISIS) IN NORTHEAST NIGERIA
type: item
description: The proliferation of fake news during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced public perceptions and uptake of vaccines, particularly in regions with limited access to reliable health information. This study investigated the impact of fake news on COVID-19 vaccine resistance in Northeastern Nigeria, identified the major sources of misinformation, and explored strategies through which media and stakeholders can collaborate to mitigate its effects. A mixed-method research design was adopted, combining quantitative surveys of 385 media consumers and internally displaced persons with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions involving journalists, media practitioners, and health communication stakeholders. Quantitative findings revealed that a large proportion of respondents delayed or resisted vaccination due to misinformation, doubted vaccine safety and effectiveness, and sometimes trusted fake news over official health information. Social media platforms, friends, family, and religious leaders were identified as the primary sources of fake news, while traditional media were less implicated. Qualitative data highlighted the critical role of collaboration between health authorities, media organizations, and community leaders in disseminating accurate information. Strategies such as multi-platform media engagement, fact-checking initiatives, culturally relevant messaging, and community-focused campaigns were reported to be effective in countering misinformation. The study concludes that fake news significantly undermined vaccine acceptance in Northeastern Nigeria but can be mitigated through coordinated stakeholder collaboration and strategic media deployment. Recommendations include targeted awareness campaigns, formal collaboration frameworks, monitoring of misinformation sources, and the use of multi-platform and culturally engaging media strategies. The findings have important implications for public health communication and policy planning durin…
creator: ABEL BILLY GRAHAM
creator: Veno Micloth Yongo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2026-04-07
publication date: 2026-04-07
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 330
ending page: 344

Challenges and Prospects of Newspaper Coverage of Human Rights Issues in Nigeria
type: item
description: This paper examines the challenges and prospects of newspaper coverage of human rights issues in Nigeria. Drawing on relevant academic literature and media theories, the study analyses professional, political, structural, and economic factors that constrain comprehensive and effective reporting. Key challenges identified include limited human rights literacy among journalists, ethical and editorial constraints, political interference, restrictive legal frameworks, commercial pressures, and source dependency, which together result in episodic and cautious reporting. The paper also highlights prospects for improvement, including democratic consolidation, digital media convergence, active civil society engagement, professional training, and rising audience awareness, which collectively provide opportunities for more inclusive, analytical, and impactful coverage. The study highlights the critical role of newspapers in promoting public awareness, accountability, and social justice, and offers implications for journalism practice and media policy aimed at enhancing the normative function of the press in Nigeria.
creator: LIVINUS JESSE AYIH
creator: Ezekiel S. Asemah
creator: Ekhareafo O. Daniel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 320
ending page: 329

GEOSPATIAL-TECHNIQUES-IN-NIGERIAS-OIL-AND-GAS-SECTOR-APPLICATIONS-AND-IMPACTS
type: item
description: This study reviews the role of geospatial techniques in enhancing operations across the upstream, midstream, and downstream segments of Nigeria’s oil and gas sector. Using a desk review of relevant literature, the paper highlights how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing improve exploration accuracy, optimize asset and pipeline management, and support environmental monitoring and protection. Findings show that these techniques have contributed to more efficient decision-making, cost reduction, and sustainability in the sector. Despite their proven benefits, adoption remains limited among operators in Nigeria. The study recommends wider integration of geospatial technologies, alongside capacity building and infrastructure development, to strengthen efficiency, safety, and environmental compliance in the industry.
creator: Jaafar Yusuf Ahmed
creator: Nasiru Yusuf UMAR
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-27
publication date: 2025-12-27
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 294
ending page: 299

Prevalence Of Ectoparasite Infestation In Domestic Chickens Gallus Domesticus (A Case Study Of Damaturu Main Market)
type: item
description: This research was carried out to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites infestation in domestic chickens in Damaturu main market. The aimed of this research is to identify ectoparasites in domestic chickens by direct examination method. A total of 240 chicken samples were examine and analyzed, the following species were identified viz: ticks (Ixodida), lice (Phthiraptera) and fleas (Siphonaptera) respectively. The research revealed that the infection rate with ticks 10%, fleas 33% and lice 6%. The investigation also revealed that ectoparasites infestation of Gallus domesticus was high in females with 20% than that of the males with 10%. This is probably due to the fact that the female chickens have large body surface and high fat content than the males, the research concluded that ectoparasites infestation in domestic chickens can scared people from investing. The research also recommended that sanitation and hygiene is highly encourage, it is also recommended that chemical such as carbonyl can reduce ectoparasites infestation in Gallus domesticus.
creator: Kyari Alhaji Goni
creator: Adamu Muhammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

EXPOSURE TO SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENTS ON GYMING AND YOUTHS PERCEPTION OF FITNESS CULTURE IN JALINGO
type: item
description: Abstract This study examined the influence of gym-related content on social media and its impact on the youth in Jalingo, Taraba State. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 437 respondents selected through multistage sampling, with the aim of assessing the extent of youth exposure to fitness content, its influence on attitudes and perceptions, and the challenges faced in engaging with such content. Findings revealed that a significant number of youths are highly exposed to gym-related content, which plays a role in shaping their interest in fitness, body image, and health practices. However, issues such as misinformation, unrealistic standards, and limited access to credible information were identified as key challenges. The study contributes to existing knowledge by providing insights into how social media fitness content is consumed by Nigerian youths and the implications for health communication and lifestyle development in the region. Keywords: Social Media, Gym Content, Youth, Jalingo, Fitness Culture
creator: Allen Abanda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 9
ending page: 20

Analyzing Tree Species Composition, Diversity and Carbon Storage in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria
type: item
description: This study assessed the composition, diversity and aboveground carbon of woody species in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. A total of 60 sample points were randomly generated across the area and quadrats of 30x30m were laid. All woody species encountered were identified and enumerated. Species height and diameter at breast height (DBH), were measured directly during the field survey while species characteristics such as composition, diversity and dominance were computed from the field data. A total of 204 stems belonging to 17 species and 11 families were identified. Results show that the city is composed of few species with Azadirachta indica, Vatex doniana, Terminalia ivorensis and Polyalthia longifolia being the dominant species. Tree species in the city generally have small to moderate trunk diameter and height while species diversity is considerably low (H’ = 1.65) which could be attributable to both human and climatic factors. The total carbon stored by trees in the city was estimated to be 6,395.11kg carbon which could be translated to approximately 6.4t. This is lower than what is obtained in many cities in the region. Higher carbon was contributed by Azadirachta indica, Vatex doniana, Terminalia ivorensis, Adansonia digitata and Khaya senegalensis. There is the need for planting more species of trees to boost the diversity and carbon storage of the city. This will go a long way in improving the ecosystem services provided by urban trees and the long run urban resilience.
creator: Geidam Karagama Kolo
creator: Murtala Dangulla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 21
ending page: 33

EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT IN CREATING AWARENESS ABOUT HEPATITS AMONG JALINGO RESIDENTS, TARABA STATE
type: item
description: Abstract This study examined the effectiveness of communication management in creating awareness about hepatitis among residents of Jalingo, Taraba State. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 399 respondents determined through the Taro Yamane formula from a projected population of 220,700. The findings revealed that while residents received hepatitis information mainly through radio, television, social media, and health workers, a considerable number still reported unclear messages or no exposure at all. Preventive behaviours such as vaccination and screening were adopted by some, but communication challenges such as medical jargon, stigma, limited campaigns, and the absence of local language use reduced overall effectiveness. The study concludes that communication management in Jalingo is moderately effective and recommends more locally adapted strategies, consistent campaigns, and the involvement of trusted health workers to enhance awareness and prevention. Keywords: Hepatitis, Communication Management, Health Awareness, Jalingo, Public Health
creator: EMMANUELLA YOUGH
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 35
ending page: 48

THE USE OF HUMOR APPEAL IN GLO OGA SIM ADVERTISING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON BRAND PERCEPTION
type: item
description: Abstract This study examined the use of humour appeal in GLO Oga SIM advertising and its influence on brand perception among Nigerian telecommunication users. The research adopted a descriptive survey design with a total sample of 400 respondents drawn from the Nigerian telecommunication subscriber population. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Findings revealed that humour appeal serves as an effective advertising strategy that attracts audience attention, enhances message understanding, and positively influences consumer perception of the GLO brand. The study further showed that humour improves brand recall, emotional connection, and consumer preference, thereby promoting brand loyalty and trust. Based on these findings, the study concludes that humour appeal, when culturally relevant and creatively applied, remains a strong persuasive communication tool for enhancing brand image in Nigeria’s competitive telecommunication industry. Keywords: Humour Appeal, Advertising, Brand Perception, GLO Oga SIM, Consumer Preference.
creator: Emoseh Alhassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 49
ending page: 58

EMOJI USE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF EMOTIONAL MEANING AMONG GENERATION Z (GEN Z) STUDENTS AT TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY (TSU)
type: item
description: Abstract This study examined emoji use and the construction of emotional meaning among Generation Z (Gen Z) students at Taraba State University (TSU). The main objective was to investigate how Gen Z students use emojis to express and construct emotional meaning in digital communication, identify the most frequently used emojis and their emotional connotations, and explore how emojis contribute to relationship building, conflict management, and peer interaction. The study adopted a descriptive survey design, and data were collected from a sample of 50 students selected from different faculties using a structured questionnaire. The instrument was validated by experts in communication and education, and data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions. Findings revealed that Gen Z students frequently use emojis such as
creator: Mercy Philip
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 59
ending page: 72

KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF AI RESEARCH ASSISTANTS AMONG POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY JALINGO
type: item
description: Abstract This study investigates the knowledge and adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research assistants such as ChatGPT, Elicit, and Scholarcy among postgraduate students of Taraba State University, Jalingo. The study was guided by the Diffusion of Innovation Theory, which explains how new technologies spread among users based on perceived usefulness, ease of use, and institutional support. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from a sample of 358 postgraduate students drawn from a population of 3,367 across all programmes in the College of Postgraduate Studies. The findings revealed that a majority of the students were familiar with AI research assistants and actively used them for tasks such as literature review, idea generation, and academic writing. However, challenges such as inadequate training, limited internet access, and unclear institutional policies hindered optimal use. The study concludes that while postgraduate students demonstrate a growing interest and reliance on AI tools for research, institutional support, digital literacy programmes, and ethical guidelines are crucial to promote responsible and effective use. It recommends that universities should integrate AI literacy and ethical standards into postgraduate training, enhance infrastructure, and encourage supervisors to support AI-assisted academic work to strengthen research quality and innovation. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, AI Research Assistants, Postgraduate Students, Knowledge, Adoption, Taraba State University, Diffusion of Innovation Theory
creator: Mimidoo Anongu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 73
ending page: 86

Breaking the silence: The role of social media in supporting survivors gender based violence in Nigeria
type: item
description: Abstract This study explored the role of social media in supporting survivors of gender-based violence (GBV) in Nigeria, focusing on how digital platforms are used for disclosure, awareness, and solidarity. The research adopted a qualitative design using in-depth interviews with three GBV survivors and two counsellors actively involved in survivor support and advocacy. Findings revealed that social media platforms such as Twitter (X), Facebook, and Instagram have provided survivors with safe spaces to share their experiences, access emotional and informational support, and connect with others facing similar challenges. However, participants also identified challenges such as online harassment, fear of exposure, stigma, and limited privacy protection as major concerns. Counsellors emphasised that while social media has amplified advocacy and public discourse around GBV, there is still a need for stronger digital safety measures, ethical content moderation, and survivor-centred online interventions. The study concludes that social media plays a dual role as both an empowering and risky space for survivors. It recommends the development of safer online environments, digital literacy training, and collaboration between social media companies, government agencies, and NGOs to enhance protection and support systems for survivors in Nigeria. Keywords: Gender-Based Violence, Social Media, Survivors, Digital Activism, Nigeria
creator: Reuben Indiri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 87
ending page: 99

Survey of Some Important Insect Pest of Mango
type: item
description: The research is conducted to determine important insects pest of Mango in Dikumari Ward. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Nigeria, it serves not only as a source of food and income but also contributes significantly to rural economies and Livelihoods. This survey aimed to identify and document important insect pests affecting Mango production. Field surveys were conducted in major mango-growing regions to collect and identify pest specimens. The study revealed several key insect pests, including mango hoppers (idioscopus spp.). Jiles (Bactrocera spp.), and mealybugs (Psreudococcidae). The research concluded that mango is attacked by a wide range of insect pests from different taxonomic groups, the study also concluded that the importance of regular pest monitoring, timely identification, and the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies tailored to specific crop stages and local pest profiles. The result of the findings recommended that regular field demonstrations should be organized to show early signs of pest infestation and proper response techniques, the study also recommend that contribute to the development of effective pest management strategies to mitigate losses and promote sustainable mango production.
creator: Kyari Alhaji Goni
creator: Zarah Muhammad Goje
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 100
ending page: 110

The Perceived Influence of social media on Raising Climate Change Awareness and Action Among Youth in Jalingo
type: item
description: Abstract Climate change poses an urgent global challenge with profound environmental, social, and economic consequences, disproportionately affecting developing nations like Nigeria. This study examined the perceived influence of social media on raising climate change awareness and Analysis, the research explored how digital platforms function motivating climate action among youth in Jalingo, Taraba State. Guided by Network Theory and as networks of information diffusion and behavioral influence. A descriptive survey design was adopted, involving 384 respondents aged 18–35 years, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS. Findings revealed a high level of climate change awareness among youth in Jalingo, largely attributed to their frequent use of social media. Platforms such as Twitter (X), YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram were perceived as highly effective in disseminating climate information and enhancing understanding, while WhatsApp served as a key medium for localized communication and peer influence. Respondents also acknowledged that social media content motivated them to engage in pro-environmental behaviors, online campaigns, and community-based initiatives. However, the study noted that while awareness is widespread, the translation from digital engagement to sustained offline action remains a complex challenge influenced by structural and motivational factors. The study concludes that social media plays a transformative role in shaping youth perceptions and participation in climate discourse within Jalingo. It recommends that climate communicators and NGOs tailor platform-specific content, empower youth influencers, and promote localized, actionable messages. Policymakers and educators are urged to integrate digital literacy and environmental education into curricula to strengthen informed climate engagement. Overall, social m…
creator: Sandra Habu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 111
ending page: 125

THE SPIRAL OF SILENCE IN A DIGITAL AGE: INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON POLITICAL EXPRESSIONS AMONG YOUTH IN WUKARI TARABA STATE
type: item
description: Abstract This study examines the applicability of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann’s Spiral of Silence theory in the digital age by investigating how social media influences political expression among youth in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. Drawing on quantitative data from 400 respondents aged 18–35, the research explores the relationship between political news consumption, willingness to express dissenting opinions, and the perceived risks associated with online and offline environments. Findings reveal a significant “expression gap” — while 90% of respondents actively consume political news, only 35% frequently express opinions publicly. Fear of offline repercussions (β = –0.42, p < .001) and perceptions of holding a minority opinion (β = –0.38, p < .001) emerged as the strongest suppressors of online political expression. The study highlights how technological affordances of platforms shape users’ communicative behaviour: while public spaces like Facebook amplify self-censorship through real-identity exposure, private and encrypted environments like WhatsApp enable freer expression among trusted peers. The research concludes that social media both reinforces and fragments the spiral of silence, producing multiple, overlapping “micro-spirals” across different digital publics shaped by ethnic identity, perceived safety, and technological design. It underscores that online political expression in Wukari is a strategic act of navigating between visibility and vulnerability, suggesting that fear of real-world consequences remains the most powerful driver of digital silence in multi-ethnic contexts. Keywords: Spiral of Silence, Social Media, Political Expression, Youth, Wukari
creator: Elaipki Abada
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 126
ending page: 138

The Influence of Cultural Diversity on Citizenship Education in Nigeria
type: item
description: Nigeria is renowned for its vast cultural diversity, comprising over 250 ethnic groups, multiple languages, and varied cultural practices. This diversity significantly impacts the development and implementation of citizenship education in the country. This study investigates how cultural diversity influences citizenship education in Nigeria, highlighting both challenges and opportunities. Employing a qualitative research approach, data were collected through interviews with educators and policymakers, as well as document analysis of educational policies and curricula. The findings reveal that cultural diversity enriches citizenship education by promoting multicultural understanding but also poses challenges such as ethnic biases and conflicting cultural values that can hinder national cohesion. The study concludes that an inclusive, culturally sensitive approach to citizenship education can foster national unity and civic responsibility in Nigeria.
creator: Mohammed Abubakar
creator: Aminu Abubakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 139
ending page: 144

ATTITUDES AND RESPONSES OF FEMALE POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS OF TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY TOWARD WEIGHT-LOSS DRUG ADVERTISEMENTS ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A SENSE-MAKING THEORY APPROACH
type: item
description: Abstract This study examines the attitudes and responses of female postgraduate students of Taraba State University toward weight-loss drug advertisements on social media, using Sense-Making Theory (Dervin, 1998) (as the theoretical framework. The study recognizes that individuals are not passive recipients of media messages but active interpreters who construct meaning based on personal experience, peer influence, and social context. A descriptive survey design was adopted, with a sample of 169 female postgraduate students selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that exposure to weight-loss drug advertisements on social media is very high, especially on Facebook and WhatsApp. However, most respondents (87.6%) perceived such advertisements as not credible, and only 18.2% found them persuasive. Despite this skepticism, 43.8% of the participants admitted to purchasing or using weight-loss products, largely influenced by peer discussions and curiosity rather than trust in the advertisements. The study concludes that while female postgraduate students demonstrate strong media literacy and critical awareness, peer influence and social. The study therefore recommended stricter government regulation of online health advertising and integration of media and health literacy into university validation, which still play significant roles in shaping their behavioral responses. programs, and peer-led awareness campaigns to counter misinformation. These measures would help ensure that social media users make informed, safe, and health-conscious decisions. Keywords: Sense-Making Theory, social media advertising, weight-loss drugs, female postgraduate students, peer influence, attitude, and behavior.
creator: Terkimbir Nyianshima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 145
ending page: 164

The Sociolinguistic Influence of Dialects and Accents on Social Perceptions and Opportunities
type: item
description: This article provides a comprehensive examination of how dialects and accents function as critical sociolinguistic markers that influence social perceptions and opportunities. It explores the ways in which linguistic variations are perceived as indicators of social identity, cultural background, and socio-economic status, often leading to stereotypes and biases. The study synthesizes existing empirical research to demonstrate how accents and dialects shape interpersonal interactions, affect hiring practices, educational experiences, and social integration, and contribute to systemic inequalities. Furthermore, the article discusses the societal implications of linguistic prejudices, emphasizing that these biases serve to reinforce social stratification and limit upward mobility for speakers of stigmatized dialects or accents. The findings underscore the importance of fostering greater awareness of linguistic diversity and promoting inclusive attitudes within social institutions. By highlighting the pervasive impact of dialect and accent-based judgments, this research advocates for policy changes and educational initiatives aimed at reducing linguistic discrimination and promoting social equity.
creator: Mohammed Abubakar
creator: Aminu Abubakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 165
ending page: 171

Design and Implementation of a Formal Computational Ontology Model for Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge Management
type: item
description: Around the world, policymakers, agricultural experts, researchers, and the general public are increasingly addressing challenges related to the cultivation, quality, availability, preservation, and regulation of Indigenous Vegetables (IVs). This study examined the concepts, cultivation practices, and planting processes of selected indigenous vegetables, and proceeded to design, implement, and validate a formal ontology model. Data were collected through document reviews, interactive discussions, and field observations involving individuals with extensive knowledge of indigenous agriculture in Southwestern Nigeria. The formal ontology model was developed using First-Order Logic and Semantic Networks, integrated with Description Logics (DLs). The model was implemented using Python 3.9.1 and SQL with SQLite3. Validation was conducted using a Proof-of-Concept (PoC) approach to assess the model’s accuracy and consistency. The study resulted in the creation of the Yorùbá Indigenous Vegetable Ontology (YIVO). The concepts and processes within YIV were analyzed based on the collected data, and consistency checks confirmed that the ontology contained no contradictory assertions. The study concluded that the practical construction and validation of the ontology through conceptual modeling, query retrieval, proof-of-concept testing, and visualization demonstrated that knowledge of Yoruba Indigenous Vegetables can be formalized and effectively represented as computational artifacts.
creator: Taofeek Abiona
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 172
ending page: 181

Evaluating the Role of Departmental Leadership in Timely Disciplinary Action within Nigerian Polytechnic Governance
type: item
description: Leadership at the departmental level constitutes a central pillar in the governance structure of Nigerian polytechnics. The effectiveness of polytechnic governance is often judged by the capacity of departmental leaders primarily Heads of Department (HODs) to manage staff, supervise students, and enforce institutional rules. One particularly sensitive responsibility is the administration of disciplinary measures when infractions occur. Disciplinary action, when timely and fair, reinforces institutional credibility, enhances accountability, and promotes a culture of respect for rules. However, delayed or inconsistent disciplinary procedures erode trust, encourage misconduct, and weaken governance systems. This paper provides a conceptual evaluation of the role of departmental leadership in ensuring timely disciplinary action within Nigerian polytechnics. Anchored on leadership theories such as transformational, transactional, bureaucratic, and servant leadership, the study argues that HODs are pivotal actors in maintaining discipline. Drawing on existing literature and institutional governance frameworks, the paper highlights challenges such as bureaucratic bottlenecks, weak institutional capacity, favoritism, and political interference, which undermine disciplinary processes. It concludes that departmental leadership, if effectively empowered, can significantly improve the timeliness of disciplinary actions and strengthen overall governance in Nigerian polytechnics.
creator: Musa Adamu Mahdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 182
ending page: 193

Influence of Vocational and Social Rehabilitation Services On Behaviour Modification of Inmates of Correctional Centre Gusau, Zamfara State
type: item
description: This study examined the Influence of Vocational and Social Rehabilitation Services on Behaviour Modification of Inmates of Correctional centre Gusau, Zamfara state. Descriptive Survey research design was adopted for this study. The population of the study comprised 1,032 participants (consisting of staff/instructors, 240; ex-convicts, 263; and inmates, 529) at the Gusau correctional center, Zamfara State. The sample size for the study was decided using Research Advisor (2006) at 95% confidence level and 5.00% Margin of Error, the sample size for this study was made up of 322 (comprising 75 staff/instructors; ex-convicts, 82; and inmates, 165) using proportionate stratified random sampling technique, the main data collection instruments of this study was questionnaire. Both close-ended and open-ended questionnaire were employed It also contained two parts, Part A bio-data of the respondents and Part B main questions which were derived from the objectives of the study. The instrument for this study was face validated by three experts from various field, one from measurement and evaluation unit, and two from school of Guidance and Counselling Federal College of Education (Technical) Gusau, Zamfara state. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and simple percentage) via SPSS package. The findings recommend that the Correctional facilities should broaden their vocational training to include technology-driven and service-oriented skills, this will help increase post-release job opportunities. Moreso, in improving Social Skills and Reintegration Training the study recommend that there should be a Structured programs that will simulate real-world social and work situations, this will improve conflict management, interpersonal relationships, and readiness for community reintegration.
creator: Abubakar Labaran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 194
ending page: 208

Promoting HIV Awareness and Treatment Adherence through Strategic Communication
type: item
description: Abstract HIV/AIDS continues to pose significant public health challenges globally, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where awareness gaps, stigma, and inconsistent treatment adherence hinder effective disease management. This study employs a desk research approach to examine how strategic communication can promote HIV awareness and improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Drawing on theoretical frameworks including Strategic Health Communication and Diffusion of Innovations, as well as empirical studies from Kenya, Cameroon, South Africa, and other contexts, the paper highlights the critical roles of stakeholder engagement, culturally tailored messaging, and syndemic-sensitive interventions. Findings indicate that multi-channel communication—combining digital tools, interpersonal support, and community-based engagement—enhances knowledge, reduces stigma, and fosters sustained adherence. The Comprehensive Communication for a Syndemic Approach to HIV Care (C4H) framework is particularly effective in addressing overlapping social and health challenges. Based on the evidence, three key recommendations are proposed: strengthen stakeholder engagement and cultural relevance, adopt multi-channel and syndemic-sensitive strategies, and prioritize stigma reduction alongside program sustainability. The study underscores that integrated, empathetic, and contextually grounded communication is essential for translating HIV knowledge into long-term behavioral change and improved health outcomes. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, treatment adherence, HIV awareness, strategic health communication, stakeholder engagement.
creator: Bridget Thomas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 209
ending page: 220

The Impact of Economic and Climate Change Factors on Flooding in Borno State, Nigeria: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Responses
type: item
description: Flooding has become one of the most pressing environmental challenges in Nigeria, with Borno State increasingly affected by recurrent flood disasters. This study investigates the impact of economic and climate factors on flooding in Borno, focusing on its causes, consequences, and policy responses. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combined quantitative household surveys, qualitative interviews, focus group discussions, and secondary data from meteorological and institutional sources. Findings reveal that climatic variability particularly erratic rainfall, rising temperatures, and river overflows remains a central trigger of floods. However, economic and human factors such as rapid urbanization, poor drainage systems, deforestation, poverty, and population displacement significantly amplify vulnerability. The consequences are multidimensional, encompassing agricultural losses, infrastructure damage, displacement, health crises, and environmental degradation. Policy responses by government and humanitarian agencies were found to be largely reactive, focused on relief distribution rather than long-term adaptation. Local communities employ coping mechanisms such as sandbag barriers and traditional flood prediction, though these remain insufficient without institutional support. The study concludes that flooding in Borno represents a compound vulnerability shaped by conflict, climate change, and economic fragility. It recommends strengthening early warning systems, improving urban planning, promoting climate-resilient agriculture, and mainstreaming conflict sensitivity in flood management. By shifting from short-term relief to long-term resilience, stakeholders can mitigate the impacts of flooding and promote sustainable development in Nigeria’s northeast.
creator: Musa Adamu Mahdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 221
ending page: 234

Ethnic prejudice in online media commentary about National issues in Nigeria
type: item
description: Exploring how ethnic prejudices manifest in online media, particularly in Facebook comments on national issues, the study highlights that online platforms promote expressions of ethnicity, racism, hate speech, stereotyping, and incitement, often reflecting Nigeria's complex socio-political and ethnic landscape. Using the Critical Race Communication Theory (CRCT) it analyses Facebook comments on two national issues the 2025 Presidential Pardon and the alleged fake certificate of a Former Minister, sourced from two online news outlets that has presence on Facebook. The analysis reveals prevalent ethnic labelling, stereotyping, and inciting language, especially targeting ethnic groups and underscoring regional and ethnic polarizations. The discourse exacerbate ethnic marginalization, social injustice, and mistrust among ethnic groups. Underscoring how social media platforms can deepen ethnic divisions and disrupt peaceful coexistence by spreading misinformation, hate speech, and ethnic biases. It concludes that online media commentary in Nigeria is intertwined with ethnic prejudice, and calls for media literacy programs, responsible journalism, fact checking, stricter content moderation, and grassroots initiatives for ethnic reconciliation to promote national unity and social cohesion.
creator: Abdulkarim Bello Bashir
creator: Idi Shadrach Idi Sheffield
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 235
ending page: 243

Digital Intimacy And Satisfaction in The Use of Cycle Tracker App Amongst Married Women in Jalingo
type: item
description: ABSTRACT This study examined digital intimacy and satisfaction in the use of cycle tracker applications among married women in Jalingo, Nigeria. The study was motivated by the growing global reliance on menstrual and fertility tracking apps, despite limited empirical evidence from African contexts on how women emotionally interact with these digital tools. Guided by Caroline Haythornthwaite’s Digital Intimacy Theory, the study adopted a descriptive survey design and sampled 361 valid respondents from an initial distribution of 385 questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed a high level of app usage, with 75% of respondents actively using cycle tracking applications. The study also established strong digital intimacy, as 74.3% of respondents reported emotional closeness, trust, and personal reliance on their apps. Additionally, 79.5% of participants expressed overall satisfaction with the accuracy, convenience, and privacy the apps provide. The study concludes that cycle tracker applications have become an essential part of women’s reproductive self-management and emotional support systems. It recommends increased integration of digital menstrual tracking tools into reproductive health education and improved data privacy features to strengthen user trust and satisfaction.
creator: SONIYA Usman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 244
ending page: 261

Reinforced Concrete Pole as Structural Support and Fault Minimization in Radial Electrical Distribution System in Yobe State
type: item
description: Reinforce concrete poles (RCPs) have emerged as a robust solution for enhancing structural support and minimizing faults in radial electrical distribution systems in Yobe state. These faults, characterized by their composite construction of steel-reinforced concrete, offer superior durability, high load-bearing capacity, and resistance to environmental stressors such as corrosion, termites, fire, and extreme weather. In radial systems, where power flows unidirectional from the substation to end users, the structural integrity of support poles is crucial for maintaining uninterrupted service. These studies examine how RCPs mitigate both structural and electrical faults by preventing pole failures that lead to line collapses, sagging, or contact with vegetation.
creator: Hassan Adamu Daya
creator: Haruna Mohammed
creator: Mohammed Abubakar Sadiq
creator: Yusuf Musa yerima
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 262
ending page: 272

Effect of The Use of Honorifics Among Hausa-English Bilinguals in North and Western Senatorial Zones in Zamfara State
type: item
description: This sociolinguistic study explores the use of Hausa honorifics among Hausa-English bilinguals in Zamfara state, examining their functions, implications, and effects on bilingual communication. The research investigates honorifics as a form of address in Hausaland, highlighting their role in conveying respect, politeness, and social hierarchy. It also examines the sociolinguistic implications of honorific use among bilinguals, including code-switching, language choice, and identity negotiation. Additionally, the study determines the effects of honorifics on Hausa-English bilinguals' language use, social relationships, and cultural identity. Findings reveal the complex interplay between languages (Hausa-English ) culture, and social context in shaping honorific use, with implications for intercultural communication, and sociolinguistic theory.
creator: Rafee’ah Abdulazeez
creator: Kubrat Bello Anka
creator: Ahmad Sani Abdullahi
creator: Sabina Amina Sanusi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FIM Journal, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic
date: 2025-12-23
publication date: 2025-12-23
volume: 9
number: No.2 SPECIAL ISSUE DECEMBER
starting page: 273
ending page: 284